·       US national study reveals that CEs are prone to

                          i.     go in late, leave early, take time off,

                        ii.     taking leave of absence, and

                      iii.     reduce work hours or take less demanding jobs. This could reduce the productivity of the companies tremendously when the role of caregiving is sudden and unexpected.

·       A wide range of adverse health impacts on the CEs, including:

                          i.          mental impairments - such as depression and chronic mental stress; and

                        ii.          physiological impairments – such as significant physical impairments and health issues, which have been vastly studied in different continents.

Table 2. Summary of the negative health impacts on the CEs.

•    The general needs of caregivers are divided into six different categories: psychological, informational, patient care, personal, spiritual, and household.
•    In Japan, co-worker support is important to lower the CEs’ burden with presenteeism and overall work impairment.

•    CE-friendly policies are commonly found in these developed economies
        - enable the CEs to balance the dual roles and improve the quality of life of both CEs and the care recipients.
•    Caregiver leave: from 21 days to 26 weeks
        - widely provisioned in economically developed countries.
•    Programs and non-governmental organisations are set up by the UK government
        - to help private sector to become more CE-friendly.
•    Caregiver-friendly workplace environment devised by US and Canada employers

       - some kind of measures implementation, i.e., support services, flexible working hours, financial relief, to paid/ unpaid leave.

•    The benefits of caregiver-friendly workplace policy (CFWP) benefits include:
        i.    reducing occupational and overall stress;
        ii.    moderating spillover effect (behaviours, emotions and moods transferred between work and family roles);
        iii.    producing health protective effects;
        iv.    generating considerable net economic benefits for both the CEs and the companies;
        v.    work motivations hence improving productivity.